• To facilitate students’ recall of content they have learned,
• To help them self-assess their understanding of the material,
• To focus, collect, and organize their thoughts around a topic before a discussion or
• To discover which points students are having difficulty understanding to guide further instruction.

• Laptop, tablet, or mobile phone
• Classroom with campus wireless connection

The following workflow is meant to guide how to facilitate a Minute Paper/Muddiest Point active learning activity within an Active Learning Classroom (ALC).

Pre-Class

• Identify a concept in a lecture, article, video, or a knowledge gap identified through a prior activity (e.g., quiz or online discussion).
• Craft a question to which students will respond in class. The question should be difficult enough to elect careful thought or reflection but not too difficult that the response would not fit on a half-sheet of paper. Try to answer the question yourself.
• Decide when the activity will occur (beginning, middle, or end of the class).
• Plan to set aside two to five minutes of class for the reflection and ten to twenty minutes for a table discussion of the results.
• Determine how and if you want students to share their work. 
  • Students can keep their work to themselves — using the activity as a way for students to gather their thoughts before another activity.
  • Students can share their work with the instructor — using the activity as a way for the instructor to gain insight or measure student knowledge or progress.
  • Students can share their work with the instructor and the entire class — using the activity to foster a conversation, crowdsource questions, or expose gaps in knowledge to one another. 
  • Students can share their work in small groups or at a table
• Use Top Hat Discussion Question Type for students to share the results of their work online with the instructor and/or instructor and students.
• Use Google Slides for groups to share the results of their work online with the instructor and other groups.

In-Class

• Introduce the activity by presenting the question to which students will respond.
• Let students know how much time they have to complete the activity. Explain the kind of answers you want (words, phrases, or short sentences), how you will use the information, and when they can expect your feedback.
• Give students time to reflect individually. Have students at each table take turns sharing one or two insights, questions, or areas of concern they wrote down. Have the group assign one person to be a scribe to record the result in their group's Google Slides.
• After the activity is completed, ask a few tables to share the results of their conversations. Ask the rest of the room whether they had anything else to share that wasn't covered by the tables that reported out.

Post-Class

• If collected, review the table reports.
• Discuss the results of the activity at the next class meeting. 

• None

• Creating a Google Slide for Breakout Activities
• Facilitating Minute Paper / Muddiest Point Activities with Top Hat Discussion Question Type

Angelo, Thomas A., and K. Patricia Cross. Classroom Assessment Techniques: a Handbook for College Teachers. Jossey-Bass, 1993. pp. 148-158.