1. Use Strong and Complex Passwords

A strong password significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access. Best practices include:

• Length: Passwords should be at least 12 characters long. Longer passwords (16+ characters) are even more secure.

• Complexity: Include a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. However, complexity should not make the password difficult to remember.

• Avoid Common Patterns: Do not use easily guessable information such as names, birthdays, or common words.

2. Avoid Reusing Passwords

Using the same password across multiple accounts increases vulnerability. If one account is compromised, others are at risk. Always create unique passwords for each login.

3. Use a Password Manager

Password managers securely store and manage passwords, allowing users to generate and retrieve complex, unique passwords without the need to remember them all. Recommended features include:

• Encrypted storage for passwords.

• Automatic password generation.

• Cross-platform compatibility.

4. Avoid Sharing Passwords Unnecessarily

Passwords should not be shared unless absolutely necessary, as sharing increases the risk of compromise. If sharing is required, consider the following recommendations:

• Avoid insecure methods: Do not share passwords via email, SMS, or other methods that can be easily intercepted.

• Change shared passwords immediately: If a password has been shared inappropriately, change it as soon as possible.

• Use secure tools: When sharing is necessary, use secure password management tools like 1Password or Privileged Access Management (PAM) solutions such as CyberArk to minimize risks.

5. Follow Password Rotation Policies with Caution

In the past, frequent password changes were recommended. However, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) now advises against routine password changes unless there is evidence of compromise. Constantly changing passwords can lead to weaker choices or users writing down passwords.

6. Monitor for Security Breaches

Use tools to monitor if your passwords or accounts have been compromised. Services like 1Password's Watchtower can alert you if your credentials appear in known data breaches.

7. Avoid Security Questions with Easy Answers

Security questions should have answers that are difficult to guess or obtain through social engineering. When possible, use fictitious answers or password-like responses.

8. Educate Yourself on Phishing Attacks

Be cautious of emails, messages, or websites designed to trick you into providing your login information. Verify sources before clicking on links or entering sensitive data.

9. NIST Password Recommendations Summary

NIST guidelines (SP 800-63B) emphasize:

• Longer, easier-to-remember passwords over short, complex ones.

• Avoiding forced periodic changes unless there's evidence of compromise.

• Screening passwords against lists of commonly used or breached passwords.

• Encouraging the use of password managers and MFA for enhanced security.

10. Secure Password Storage and Handling

Teams and users should:

• Never store passwords in plaintext.

• Use salted and hashed password storage methods.

• Implement rate limiting and lockouts for repeated failed login attempts.

By adhering to these best practices, individuals and teams can significantly reduce the risk of password-related security breaches.