Bio-ARROW - SmartForm - Recombinant Synthetic DNA/RNA Materials
Bio-ARROW help
- Drug Resistance
- Drug Resistance Trait-Compromise
- Genome Editing and Gene Drives
- Genes and DNA/RNA Fragments
- Construct Risk Attenuation
- Research Involving Human Subjects
Drug Resistance
Antibiotics, herbicides, etc. that are used for selection purposes, even if they are not used to treat infections, should be included in this section.
Drug Resistance Trait-Compromise
The deliberate transfer of a drug resistance trait to a microorganism when such resistance could compromise the ability to control the disease agent in humans, veterinary medicine, or agriculture requires NIH Director approval and is considered a "Major Action" under the NIH Guidelines: https://osp.od.nih.gov/biotechnology/faqs-about-major-actions-under-section-iii-a-of-the-nih-guidelines-for-research-involving-recombinant-or-synthetic-nucleic-acid/ .A therapeutically useful drug must be recognized in the scientific literature as a useful drug in vivo. The drug does not have to be the "first line" agent. A drug can be useful to treatment event if its use is limited to the treatment of a specific patient population, such as children or pregnant women, or primarily used outside of the U.S. where alternative drugs are not available.
To determine if a particular drug is considered a therapeutically useful drug, consult the following references:
Up to Date Online: http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/index.do
Johns Hopkins ABX Guide: http://www.hopkins-abxguide.org/
Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases: http://redbook.solutions.aap.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/
Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy: http://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocm37280724
Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases: http://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocn370605770
Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease: https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9910053220302121
Genome Editing and Gene Drives
There are certain configurations of genome editing components that have the potential to create a gene drive. Gene drives are a risk to the environment, not the researcher. Gene drives occur when alleles are inherited more often in populations than expected from Mendelian segregation. Even though gene drives can speed up the time it takes to create mutant lines in the lab, there can be severe consequences if these lines are not contained. If lines become cross-contaminated in the lab, you risk introducing the mutant allele in unwanted lines. If a line containing a gene drive is released to the outside environment, the mutant allele can become well established in the natural population. Depending on the mutation, this can have devastating results.
It is therefore extremely important to keep the genome editing components separated to reduce the risk of creating a gene drive. Even if the components are on separate constructs, some organisms have a tendency for several transforming DNAs to integrate into the same location (tandem copies) within the genome, thus creating the potential for creating a gene drive. If there is potential for creating a gene drive, a minimum of two confinement strategies should be used. This can include performing experiments in areas without potential wild mates, using a laboratory strain that cannot reproduce with wild organisms, or using increased physical barriers to contain the strain in the laboratory. Organisms having the potential to carry a gene drive should also not be shipped to protect against a release to the environment. For additional information regarding safety concerns and recommendations of gene drives, please see the following article: Akbari, O.S., et. al. Science 340: 927-929 (2015).
Genes and DNA/RNA Fragments
Examples of how to enter genes fragments used to knock-down or silence genes.
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Genes and DNA/RNA fragments |
Gene source |
Gene Protein |
Gene Use |
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DNA carried on a vector that is introduced to knock-down or silence a gene |
Fragments of gene X |
Genus and species the gene fragment originated from |
Describe the function of the gene you are knocking down or silencing |
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siRNA |
Fragments of gene X |
Synthetic |
Describe the function of the gene you are knocking down or silencing |
Knock down or silence |
Construct: Construct Risk Attenuation
Plasmids that are non-conjugative or non-mobilizable lack the nic/bom elements required for mobility. Plasmids that lack F factors are considered nonconjugative (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-plasmid for more information).
Agrobacterium plasmids that are disarmed lack the tumor inducing genes needed for pathogenicity.
Human Subjects Status and Documents
Due to revisions to the NIH Guidelines in 2019, the IBC is no longer required to consider requirements for RAC review and reporting of adverse events. Since 2016 new studies no longer need to submit responses to Appendix M to NIH though if your study has this document, please provide.
If you need assistance in completing the biosafety protocol for a human clinical trial, please contact the Office of Biological Safety.
Still have questions? Call the Office of Biological Safety (OBS) at 608-263-2037. We are happy to help.