Expected ranges in the various input parameters are as follows:

• Energy required ranges from approximately 12 Mcal/d in cow producing a few kg or lbs of milk, but 48 Mcal/d for a cow producing 50 kg/d (110 lb/d).
• Diet NEl concentration ranges from approximately 1.4 Mcal/kg DM (0.64 Mcal/lb DM) for a cow producing a few kg or lbs of milk, but 1.75 Mcal/kg (0.80 Mcal/lb) for a cow producing 50 kg/d (110 lb/d).
• Body Weight ranges from approximately 580 Kg (1280 lbs) for a small Holstein cow or first-lactation Holstein cow to 700 kg (1540 lbs) for a large mature Holstein cow.
• NDF intake Capacity ranges from approximately from 1.1 % of BW in small cows to 1.2% of body weight in large cows.
• Diet NDF ranges from approximately 28% of diet DM (peak lactation, low forage, high concentrate diet) to 40% of diet DM (late lactation, high forage, low concentrate diet)
• Milk Yield ranges from approximately 1 kg/d (2.2 lb/d) to 55 kg/d (120 lb/d)
• Week of lactation ranges from 1 to 15
• Milk Fat % ranges from approximately 2.8% to 4.0% in Holstein cows, but could be upward of 6.0% for Jersey cows.