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Support, Belonging, Motivation, and Engagement in the College Classroom

Strategies for building and facilitating supportive classrooms that can foster a sense of belonging and increase student motivation and engagement in their education.

Introduction

In the article "Support, belonging, motivation, and Engagement in the College Classroom: A Mixed Method Study," Zumbrunn, McKim, Buhs & Hawley confirm and extend a now widely accepted model that elaborates the relationship between classroom environments and student academic success (see Figure 1). Their model consists of six elements: 

Belonging Model

Revised Model of Student Motivation
(Zumbrunn, McKim, Buhs & Hawley 2014) 

  • Supportive classroom environment — The environment in which students feel safe, supported, and valued throughout the learning process. This can include an instructor’s investment in the class, the degree to which learning and teaching are described positively, respect for student opinions, flexibility, the availability of instructors and peers, the approachable instructors and peers, and many other factors.
  • Belonging — Belonging in the classroom can be a ‘feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members’ needs will be met through their commitment to be together’ (McMillan and Chavi, 1986).
  • Self-efficacy —  The students’ beliefs about their academic capabilities for a specific task (Bandura 1986).
  • Task value —  A student’s beliefs about an academic task's potential importance, usefulness, and enjoyment (Wigfield and Eccles 2002).
  • Engagement — The time and energy students invest in educationally purposeful activities (Kuh 2003). This includes things like attendance and instructor ratings of student course engagement (Betts and Rotenberg 2007). Engagement, as Kuh defined it, has two components: the time and effort that students invest in activities that lead to success (what the student does); the resources institutions use to encourage students to participate in and benefit from activities that lead to success (what the institution does).
  • Achievement — A student's performance in the class, including grade, completion, success with defined course learning outcomes or competencies, or independent/personal goals for the course.

This model outlines the role of building and facilitating supportive classrooms to foster students’ sense of belonging and, in turn, increase their sense of self-efficacy and engagement and, ultimately, achievement. This KB draws from research on students’ sense of belonging to supportive educational practices and behaviors and suggests strategies for making classrooms more supportive and assessing supportive classroom environments.

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Keywords:
Support, Belonging, Motivation, Engagement,Classroom
Doc ID:
130690
Owned by:
Timmo D. in Instructional Resources
Created:
2023-08-29
Updated:
2024-08-23
Sites:
Center for Teaching, Learning & Mentoring