Achievement Test
Test designed to evaluate mastery of a given body of material. Grades are generally based on achievement tests. The SAT (Stanford Achievement Tests) is an example of an achievement test. See also Aptitude Test
Aptitude Test
Test designed to predict how well students are likely to perform in some subsequent educational setting. The most common examples of aptitude tests are teh SAT-I and the ACT, both of which attempt to forecast how well high school students will perform in college. See also Achievement Test.
Critical Thinking
The art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it (Foundation for Critical Thinking).
Epistemology
The theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion (Wikipedia).
Learning
The process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience (Kolb, Experiential Learning; Experience as the Source of Learning and Development).
System Thinking
A set of synergistic analytic skills used to improve the capability of identifying and understanding systems, predicting their behaviors, and devising modifications to them in order to produce desired effects (Arnold and Wade, 2015)